The relationship of waterpipe use with cigarette smoking susceptibility and nicotine dependence: A cross-sectional study among Hong Kong adolescents

Introduction Waterpipe smoking has become increasingly popular in adolescents. We examined the association of waterpipe smoking with cigarette smoking susceptibility and nicotine dependence among adolescents in Hong Kong. Methods We analyzed the data of School-based Survey on Smoking among Students 2012/13 from a representative sample of 45,857 secondary school students (US grades 7–12) in Hong Kong. Among never cigarette smokers (n = 37,740), we conducted chi-square test to compare cigarette smoking susceptibility by current (past 30-day) waterpipe smoking status, and used multivariate logistic regression to examine the association between current waterpipe smoking and cigarette smoking susceptibility controlling for age, sex, peer cigarette smoking, and living with a cigarette smoker. Then we conducted chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression among current cigarette smokers (n = 1694) to examine the relationship of current waterpipe smoking with two nicotine dependence outcomes, including heavier smoking (≥ 5 cigarettes/day) and first cigarette within 30 min of waking, controlling for demographics and the number of smoking days in the past 30 days. Results Among never cigarette smokers, current waterpipe use was associated with cigarette smoking susceptibility (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.61–7.97). Of current cigarette smokers, waterpipe use was associated with heavier smoking (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.00–2.43) and first cigarette within 30 min of waking (AOR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.35–3.19). Conclusions Surveillance, prevention, and intervention programs should address waterpipe use in addition to cigarette smoking. Educational programs need to inform youth about the harmful and addictive effects of waterpipe smoking. Public health campaigns deglamourizing waterpipe use may help reduce waterpipe smoking among youth.